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| Modern Genetic Analysis Chapter 3. Gene Function Protein Structure Figure 3-15. The peptide bond. (a) A polypeptide is formed by the removal of water between amino acids to form peptide bonds. Each aa indicates an amino acid. R1, R2, and R3 represent R groups (side chains) that differentiate the amino acids. R can be anything from a hydrogen atom (as in glycine) to a complex ring (as in tryptophan). (b) The peptide group is a rigid planar unit with the R groups projecting out from the CN backbone. Standard bond distances (in angstroms) are shown. (Part b from L. Stryer, Biochemistry, 4th ed. Copyright © 1995 by W. H. Freeman and Company.)

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